Chapter 1
Health equity funding landscape: scope and sources
Government, philanthropy and corporations are the key sectors leading investments.
Health equity funders differ in their motivations for investment, depth of understanding of the drivers of health inequities and sophistication for strategy execution to accelerate improvement. The key sectors leading investments in health equity in the US include government, philanthropy and corporations.
Government
Federal agencies have invested at least $173 billion to advance health equity for marginalized populations from 2002 to 2022 (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Federal governmental investments toward health equity
| Time frame | Government agency | Dollars invested |
| 2002–2021 | Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) | $55m |
| 2005–2020 | Centers for Medicaid & Medicare Services (CMS) | $7m |
| 2012–2022 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC and CDC Foundation) | $5b |
| 2013–2021 | Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) | $106b |
| 2013–2021 | U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) | $62b |
| 2018–2022 | U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) | $8m |
Source: EY analysis
The government plays multiple roles in health care and health equity — as the leading payer for low-income and senior populations, public health care providers, national health data collectors, research funders, industry regulators and policymakers. In these roles, federal and state government agencies have made significant contributions toward health equity goals. These investments aim to equip agencies, administrators, health practitioners and community leaders at all levels of care delivery and payment to develop and implement strategies for equitable population health improvement, often in partnership with community-based organizations.
Governmental funding, however, has often not been activated to its full potential by public health, health care and community-based organizations. For example, the federal government allocated an estimated $2.5 billion in 2021 to address COVID-19-related health disparities among underserved populations, yet only a fraction of this money has been spent by recipient agencies a year after funding distributions, suggesting capacity and infrastructure barriers are hindering efficient use of available health equity resources (Figure 3).⁹
Figure 3: Lack of spend tackling COVID-19 health disparities, May 2022
| State/Health department | Funding received | % spent of total awarded |
| California | $33m | 11.6% |
| Illinois | $29m | 0.5% |
| Mississippi | $48m | 16.9% |
| Missouri | $36m | 0% |
| Pennsylvania | $28m | 6.3% |
Source: Kaiser Health News
Philanthropy
The philanthropic sector is pursuing investments in health equity using approaches that respond to the health and wellbeing needs of underserved and historically marginalized populations. Attention to health equity has grown in philanthropic circles, with leading foundations increasingly prioritizing strategies for grant making, capacity building and ecosystem development activities. According to EY analysis, leading philanthropic organizations pledged at least US$4 billion toward advancing health equity from 2002 through 2021 (Figure 4). However, philanthropic investments and charitable giving may be time-bound and not holistically coordinated or aligned to the business sector. These factors, individually or together, may limit the impact philanthropic investment has had on the underlying causes and economic incentives that perpetuate disparities.
Figure 4: Select philanthropic investments toward health equity
| Time frame | Philanthropic organization | Dollars invested |
| 2002—2021 | Robert Wood Johnson Foundation | $51m |
| 2004—2021 | The California Endowment | $3b |
| 2004—2022 | Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Endowment | $319m |
| 2007—2021 | W.K. Kellogg Foundation | $153m |
| 2013—2021 | Kresge Foundation | $50m |
| 2015—2021 | NY Health Foundation | $193m |
| 2017—2021 | Healthy Communities Foundation | $25m |
| 2017—2021 | Packard Foundation | $35m |
Source: EY analysis
Corporations
According to EY analysis, corporations have invested at least US$2 billion to advance health equity from 2012 through 2022. Considering the economic scale of the corporate sector, the estimated amount publicly pledged toward health equity initiatives is likely less than the total funding toward health equity goals. For example, access to affordable, safe housing is a key social determinant of health, but not all investments in affordable housing development and corporate financing are adequately captured.
As employers and market shapers, all corporations across sectors are invested in workforce health and wellness as a driver of business resiliency and sustainability. Corporate investment in health equity materializes as corporate philanthropic giving or advocacy efforts to improve political and social determinants of health for their employees, consumers and communities. In the case of health care organizations, they materialize as more direct investments in care access enhancement, community engagement improvements and research.
Chapter 2
Targeted programs, populations and outcomes achieved
Persistent health disparities are disproportionately affecting communities of color.
To date, the field has lacked a unified call to action on health disparities, failing to align around a collective commitment to drive meaningful change. While the recommendations put forth in Unequal Treatment are still relevant today, systemic bias has been largely unaddressed.¹⁰ A 2023 Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) review found that of more than 150 health equity and social needs interventions, only 9% incorporated an understanding of the root causes of health inequities into their conceptual design.¹¹ Health systems have made intentional progress in improving health equity performance since 2002, yet impact is constrained by the upstream drivers of health inequity that are generally beyond their direct control. This reality is reflected in the persistent health disparities disproportionately affecting communities of color, including:
Chapter 3
Why have investments to date failed to achieve health equity?
Five organizational factors limit the impact of health equity investments.
Limitations in understanding impact
To improve the return on health equity-focused investments, the field needs greater understanding of what funding is available, what the priorities and goals of each program are, the impact of interventions on diverse populations, and how to achieve greater alignment across different initiatives.
Across these areas, the language the field uses to talk about health equity has evolved significantly since the publication of Unequal Treatment. For example, while the social determinants of health are a broadly understood concept today, this language was not yet part of our collective lexicon in 2003. Funders today frame and approach issues in inconsistent ways, making synthesis of trends across investments and priority areas challenging. Nonstandard measurement approaches currently focus on data collection rather than meaningful outcome metrics that capture social value creation, and irregular public reporting of health equity expenditures further complicates this reality, resulting in an opaque understanding of current health equity impact.
Barriers to equitable health improvement
Despite the funding directly targeting health disparities, the statistics above underline that the US has seen limited tangible health, social or economic return on equity-focused investments. The US has demonstrated population-level improvements on some health indicators over the last 20 years, yet too many health metrics point to stagnant or growing disparities between populations.
Unequal Treatment illuminated the root causes of health inequities as myriad complex, structural drivers that perpetuate systemic bias across society and its socioeconomic structures.
Health equity-related investments have failed to demonstrate desired social and financial returns due to an avoidance in addressing the interrelated root causes of persistent inequity — systemic drivers such as racism, classism, sexism, ageism, homophobia, transphobia and ableism that shape social determinants across society.²²
In addition to this foundational misalignment on root cause alleviation, EY analysis identified five organizational factors that limit the impact of health equity investments (Figure 11):
Figure 11: Organizational factors hindering impact of health equity investments
| Factors impacting health equity investments | Challenges |
| Insufficient governance and accountability |
|
Limited workforce capacity and skill sets |
|
Unsupportive data and technology infrastructure |
|
| Focus on short-term pilots and immediate proof of concept results |
|
Mismatched funding requirements and reporting processes |
|
Source: EY analysis
Chapter 4
Advancing health equity: where do we go from here?
Health organizations should follow a framework and make health equity a priority.
A framework for sustained impact and accountability
To improve the impact and return on health equity investments, funding entities across government, philanthropic and corporate sectors must:
- Articulate intentional strategy for health equity advancement, backed by execution capabilities and supporting infrastructure to provide oversight, measurement and transparent reporting that drives sustainable impact
- Align purpose of the investment with ecosystem priorities to amplify impact across coordinated and mutually reinforcing funding strategies
- Accelerate realignment toward cross-sector collaboration and multidirectional information sharing to address the full range of individual- and population-level social and clinical needs
- Evolve funding practices toward longer-term commitments and investments (e.g., three to five years or more) that enable organizations to sustainably build solutions, measure impact and normalize collaborative processes that unlock continual improvement at scale
- Consider funding power dynamics and adopt funder and recipient co-creation processes so that existing power inequities are not perpetuated
Health equity must be an explicit organizational priority to be eligible to receive investment funding. Recipient organizations implementing health equity improvement initiatives must:
- Develop intentional health equity strategies underpinned by dedicated staff, earmarked assets and strategic oversight
- Invest in robust data, integrated technology platforms and analytics capabilities to understand pressing disparities, develop targeted interventions and track progress over time
- Promote sustainability of health equity investments through expanded impact and accountability measures that drive social and financial value creation and provide transparent reporting to critical stakeholders, including communities impacted
Historically, federal and state policy and legislation have not consistently provided incentives aligned with the goals of health equity. New 2023 regulations from CMS and accrediting organizations, such as The Joint Commission, introduced new financial incentives for health equity improvement activities, yet more regulation will be required to drive systemic change.25,26 Federal, state, and local policy development and implementation efforts must:
- Evolve to account for the systemic barriers to health, wellbeing and opportunity that disproportionately impact communities of color and other historically marginalized groups
- Allocate additional funding for capacity building, workforce development and technology transformation in accordance with health equity priorities
- Realign financial incentives to make coordinated, strategic action on health disparities the default
- Drive measurement and reporting standardization through establishment of consistent KPIs that enable comparison across programmatic investments
Aakanksha Kaul, Arpit Jain, and Rohan Sharma also contributed to this article.
Summary
With comparatively little impact to show from the more than US$179 billion investment in health equity since the publication of Unequal Treatment in 2003, we must avoid the complacency trap of perpetuating past and marginally effective strategies for the next 20 years. Executing sustainable health equity strategies requires deeper understanding and acknowledgment of the political and structural drivers of health that perpetuate health inequity and a willingness to squarely address them head on. Activity in and of itself is not a metric for success. Organizations must stop conflating activity with achievement.²⁷
A bold willingness to address these upstream systemic drivers must be an integral part of future investment strategies. Going forward, funders must build on lessons learned from past failures. They should be prepared to hold themselves, their programs, their processes, and their people responsible and accountable for meaningful improvement. Achieving measurable health equity impact delivery that drives macroeconomic returns from judiciously deployed investments should be the goal.
