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Organizations using Artificial intelligence (AI) must follow global regulations that outline principles, guidance, and limits for its application.
AI continues to be an evolving area of law in many jurisdictions. This guide sets out, in summary form, key principles that organizations should consider when it comes to comparing AI regimes.
While much of the commentary about AI matters often concentrates either entirely on the risk or the possibility arising from AI, this guide is intended to provide a summary of the local position in 37 jurisdictions. It helps readers compare for themselves key AI principles and how various jurisdictions are applying them. The questions used to summarize the AI laws in each jurisdiction are as follows:
- What is the level of AI integration in corporate and public services?
- What is the regulatory framework in place for the development and deployment of AI?
- Does the regulatory framework align with the OECD AI principles?
- Does the regulatory framework operate on a risk-based approach?
- Are there responsibilities for the primary AI stakeholders, including developers and deployers of AI?
- What rights do users and individuals affected by AI technology have under local regulations?
- Which regulatory bodies oversee the governance and use of AI?
- What are the sanctions or penalties for violating AI regulations?
- Does current AI regulation cover privacy or IP issues?
- How is liability for breach of AI regulation addressed?
- Are there any significant legal precedents related to AI?
The information in this publication is current as on 1 July 2025.
Fabrice Naftalski
EY Global Head of Data Protection Law Practice; Partner, Law, EY Société d'Avocats
Antigone Spyrou
Senior Manager, Digital and Data Protection Law Services, Ernst & Young Société d'Avocats SELAS
Saskia Vermeer-de Jongh
Partner, AI and Digital Law Leader, HVG Law
Peter Katko
Partner, Digital Law Leader, Ernst & Young Law GmbH Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft Steuerberatungsgesellschaft
(This guide is aimed at General Counsel, Compliance Officers, Marketing and HR professionals and C-suite members seeking to better understand the issues and challenges that may be encountered around the world when applying AI.
It should be noted though that this guide is for general information purposes only. It does not purport to provide comprehensive legal or other professional advice. Details of professionals from our Digital Law and Responsible AI Consulting practices are included in the guide should you wish to seek formal advice as to the implications of AI for you and your organization. EY and the contributors accept no responsibility for losses that may arise from reliance upon information contained in this guide. This guide is intended to give an indication of legal issues upon which you may need further legal advice. Comprehensive legal advice should be taken from a qualified professional when dealing with specific situations. The guide contains the details of local EY professionals whom readers may contact for further information.
Note: EY does not practice law where we are not permitted to do so by local law. No legal advice will be provided in the United States of America.)