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What strategies can help decarbonize the construction industry
In this episode of the Sustainability Matters podcast, the speakers discuss how cement manufacturers can provide sustainable value with their decarbonization strategies.
In this episode of the Sustainability Matters podcast,the spotlight is turned to the often underestimated impact of the global building and materials industry, specifically cement production, on climate change. Despite playing a crucial role in our everyday lives, this industry's significant contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions and extensive energy and natural resource consumption is often overlooked.
Host Bruno Sarda is joined by EY Latin America Climate Change and Sustainability Services leader Ruth Guevara and Vicente Saiso, Global Vice President of Sustainability at CEMEX, a global leader in the building materials industry, to talk about bold decarbonization strategies in such an important sector.
Vicente acknowledges the cement industry’s significant contribution to global emissions but highlights its efforts to reduce its environmental footprint, mentioning key strategies involving alternative fuels, use of waste materials and adoption of innovative technologies such as hydrogen in production processes. He explains how, through this process to decarbonize, CEMEX has found business opportunities and cost benefits.
Ruth and Vicente discuss the role of waste management in creating a circular economy in the cement industry. Vicente shares how CEMEX turned waste repurposing into a business opportunity by providing services to construction customers to manage their construction and demolition waste, which contributes significantly to global waste management.
The episode then explores the innovative and ambitious technologies CEMEX is pursuing to help them play the opposite role and actually reduce environmental impact through cement production.
Lastly, the guests shed light on how stakeholder support is crucial for companies' decarbonization initiatives.
Key takeaways:
Recognizing its environmental footprint, the cement industry is embracing various sustainability strategies to reduce the environmental impact and yield new financial results.
Sustainability initiatives are viewed as vital to the industry's future by investors, indicating that companies need to consider decarbonization and circularity in their strategic planning.
Using waste productively in the cement production process contributes to a circular economy by replacing fuels and raw materials, and simultaneously creating new business opportunities.
Stakeholder engagement is crucial on all levels to reduce the industry's carbon footprint.
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For your convenience, full text transcript of this podcast is also available.
Vicente Saiso
When we are using an alternative fuel to substitute a fossil fuel, we are also reducing our costs. Investors are already starting to recognize that these critical elements in our industry are going to be the key to the future success.
Bruno Sarda
Hello, and welcome to the EY Sustainability Matters podcast, our regular look at ESG and sustainability topics, and how they impact businesses around the globe. I’m Bruno Sarda, Climate Change and Sustainability Partner at Ernst and Young LLP, and your host for this series. In today’s episode, we will be exploring the building and construction industry, in particular the environmental dimensions of cement manufacturing. It may come as a surprise to most, but according to the UN, the buildings and construction industry is by far, the largest emitter of greenhouse gases, accounting for nearly 40% of global emissions.
A large part of those emissions are associated with the energy that buildings and the people within them consume, but certainly the materials and construction of buildings and structures themselves is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, the cement industry itself, being a large source of those world's emissions, making it a key sector of focus to decarbonize in order to achieve global climate goals. And so, with the scale of emissions and the associated challenge to decarbonize this industry, what's needed are innovative approaches for cement production to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve energy and material efficiency and get close to near zero emission production pathways.
Historically, the building and construction sector's, decarbonization advancements have predominantly focused on minimizing the operational carbon emissions from buildings, which are typically generated from things like heating and cooling or lighting, computing and the use of other equipment inside the buildings. But how can companies today address the environmental impact of the cement production? And so, joining me today to discuss this topic is Ruth Guevara, EY Climate Change and Sustainability Services Leader for Latin America, and Vicente Saiso, Chief Sustainability Officer of Cemex, the Mexican multi-national building materials company. Thank you so much for joining me today.
Saiso
Yeah, thank you very much for the invitation, glad to share our views with your audience.
Sarda
Thank you. So, Ruth, maybe you can get us started and give us more insight into the impact of the cement industry and why cement production is still carbon-intensive?
Ruth Guevara
Thank you, Bruno. Thank you, Vicente for joining us. We are very excited to have you here. So, for the cement industry, I would say it's the most important carbon-intensive industry in the world. The production of cement requires a lot of energy and generates a significant amount of greenhouse gases, as it is produced. Cement manufacturing is highly energy- and emissions- intensive, because of extreme heat that requires to produce it. So, we have some data, Vicente you can, you can confirm this but we think that producing one tonne of cement requires 4.7 million BTUs (British Thermal Unit) of energy, equivalent to about 400 pounds of coal and generates nearly a tonne of CO2. This could be definitely a challenge with new technologies and that's probably one of the reasons I would like to hear from you because I understand that there's a lot of the cement industry that are doing to reduce the amount of the intensity of the heat and the CO2 produced while producing the cement.
So, on the other side, as the world continues to urbanize, many countries will face challenges meeting their needs, from growing urban populations, including for housing, transportation, energy systems and other infrastructure, as well as employment-based services, education and health care. So, in Latin America, we have experienced a very important migration from the rural areas to the urban areas in the last ten years, and cement and concrete are fundamental to overcoming demand challenges with retaining infrastructure and climate adaptation. So according to the UN, we will have 60% of the world population are projected to live in urban areas by 2050.
So, this really means that we need a lot of building, a lot of construction, a lot of materials turning into how are we going to build all this infrastructure within the certain sustainable standards, with a less impact to the environment, right? And lastly, from Latin America, the construction industry has been a sector that stabilizes the economy in Latin America. In general, both public and private works have created very important sources of work when other productive services have more impacted by low economic trends.
Within the Climate Change and Sustainability Services that I lead in Latin America, we have helped companies all the way in the value chain, starting from setting the path for the decarbonization, assessing regulation, and establishing roadmaps to comply with the new requirements, getting targets and ambitions in place and having a comprehensive sustainability strategies to advance the transition within the companies. So, having said that, let me go back to Vicente and, Vicente, thank you very much for joining us. So, as we begin our discussion, let us take a step back and as one of the leading players in the cement industry, can you tell us about the Cemex sustainability story to date? What has been guiding your sustainability ambition?
Saiso
Thank you again for the invitation and thank you Bruno too, for having this very interesting and fruitful conversation. Firstly, I would like to comment a little bit on the background that you gave on our industry. Definitely, the cement industry has its challenges. Definitely, we have a production process that's heat-intensive in the use of energy. Also, our production process from the chemical reaction of the calcination that we do from limestone emits CO2, so we have a double challenge of having combustion emissions coming from the fuels that we use to heat our kilns, and we also have what we call process emissions that come from the chemical reaction. So, that's a double challenge that we have to deal with.
Overall, depending on who you ask and the source of the report, the cement industry is responsible for between 5% to 8% of the total CO2 emissions in the world. That has always been recognized by our industry and we recognize that we play an important role in solving the climate change challenge which I think is, if not the biggest, then one of the biggest challenges that’s facing humanity. When we are producing cement and then we are mixing cement with gravel and sand, and delivering our final product to the construction sector, which is concrete, it’s relevant to say that concrete is the foundation of all buildings and infrastructure. It’s the man-made material that is most consumed in the world.
So, we are an essential element for the building of society, and that also creates this challenge of having to decarbonize, and to transition to reduce significantly our environmental impact, so that the product that goes into those buildings and to those projects of infrastructure goes with the lowest embedded CO2 footprint possible. We have been working at this in the industry for many years. At Cemex, we were one of the founding members of the Cement Sustainability Initiative within the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. This happened in the late 90's, so in 1999, that group was created. As an industry, we have recognized our impact for many years and we have been working at that.
Just to give you an example of the progress that we have made so far and the impact you mention on what could be the embedded or the CO2 footprint in one tonne of our product, back in 1990, which is one of the first baselines that we have used in our industry, at Cemex, we had around 800 kilos of CO2 per tonne of cement in the content of our product. We have come a long way with some ready levers with proven technologies that are available. And as of closing of 2023, we are going to reach around 540 kilos. This is around 33% reduction from that baseline.
This is relevant progress. We know it's not enough and we are in a pathway to do an accelerated effort - to go fast. In the last three years alone, we have been able to reduce these kilograms of CO2 per tonne of cement by 13%, which is a huge evolution from the speed at which we were doing previously to that. It took us 15 years to be able to do such a reduction. And, what we have done is first, set very ambitious targets for the short- and medium-term, and based on those targets, immediately put in place a fast-track program that, in Cemex we call, “the Future in Action.” And by doing this, we have already been through three years of this accelerated program within the company and we have been able to reduce, in three years, what it took us normally to reduce in 15 years.
This is with proven levers, like using alternative fuels with high bio-mass content that substitutes fossil fuels. Normally, our industry uses coal or petrol, or natural gas as primary fuels and we are substituting those. At Cemex, now more than one-third of our fuels have been already replaced with alternative fuels that have a lower embedded footprint and that helps us to start to eliminate the need of fossil fuels. We have one of the highest alternative fuel rates in the industry. And we are working very hard at that one.
Also, we are using a lot of waste materials from other industries like the thermo-electrical generators that generate fly ash, the steel producers that generate slag. These materials are good for our final product, we mix it. By doing that, we reduce the amount of energy that we require in our intermediate product that is called clinker and we are able to use less clinker to produce the same tonne of cement, that's also a very relevant lever. We have been a pioneer within our industry to use hydrogen as an element to improve the combustion process within our kilns. By doing that, and by injecting small amounts of hydrogen, we have been able to reduce even faster the amount of fossil fuels that we are using, using alternative fuels.
This is just the beginning for using hydrogen in our industry. There's going to be a lot of innovation happening, so that hydrogen can play a bigger role in our fuel mix. And this is just a few examples of the things that we have at hand that we can do immediately. It's a challenge to do things in developed and developing countries that have different regulatory frameworks, and we are also working at that because regulatory frameworks certainly help. In Europe, where we have strong regulations and we have already very good incentive and penalties to act, and also a carbon price in place, we are going much faster than the rest of Cemex.
In Europe, we have already reduced 40% of our emissions compared to 1990, and we have a short-term target for 2030 of going all the way to 55% of reduction of emissions, which is bigger than what we are going to be able to do for the rest of Cemex, given the strong regulations. But that's just a quick intro into what we are doing in this “Future in Action” program, and we can certainly talk on some of the elements of this program.
Guevara
Thank you, Vicente, no that’s great, that’s an introduction. I really appreciate and very interesting to see, you know, that you’re under in the one tonne for CO2 emissions, while producing the cement. I think that has come with a big effort from technology to really setting the tone. And, you know, going to that way, so what has really driven the sustainable practices within Cemex? Is it the customer demand? Is it coming from regulation? As you already mentioned regulation in Europe, that's one for sure. But you have been doing this for a long time the most recent regulation has been applied for only a few years. So, what has really been that driver for Cemex?
Saiso
I think there are various elements that play into that equation on why we have considered sustainability to be a top priority of our company. One, the first that I already mentioned, is that we have recognized that we have an environmental impact and we are certain that we have to reduce that environmental impact. We certainly believe that science should be the guide in these actions, because climate change is a real issue that we are already facing. Very dramatic, real cases every year, and you see that the impacts are already happening.
So, we have to recognize that is a huge challenge for society and we have to be part of the solution to that. So, that's one big driver. Because we can make a difference, not only to reduce our own emissions, but as you very well explained at the beginning of the conversation, we provide materials to the construction sector, which is a big emitter through the energy used that you have in buildings and different types of structures. Our product is essential, so it's not going anywhere and it's a basic fundamental element for society to continue to grow and to continue to organize and to continue to improve the livelihoods of many people. So, that's an additional responsibility.
Our product is essential, but we have to make sure that our product is delivered in a way that it reduces its environmental impact. And then finally, I would say that if you do this correctly and you understand how regulations work and how stakeholders’ expectations work, we have found always in our route to decarbonize that there are business opportunities. When we are using an alternative fuel to substitute a fossil fuel, we are also reducing our costs. When we are using an alternative raw material that substitutes the clinker that goes into cement, we are using that because that material is cheaper than the variable cost of clinker.
So, it also comes with a cost benefit. When we are putting into the market a new brand that we call Vertua of lower carbon products, we are creating a segment for products that didn't exist some years ago. And that increases our revenues. So, we have found that, in most of the levers that are in available to us to reduce our emissions, they also come with a positive impact on our bottom line. And this is essential for our company and the future profitability and success of our company.
So, there's also that incentive for remaining competitive. And I would say that what has changed dramatically over the last three or four years, even the very visible effects of climate change, that investors are already starting to recognize that these critical elements in our industry are going to be the key to the future success. So, our investors are recognizing that if we do this correctly, we are going to be one of the companies that are going to be favored by investors and by financial institutions to help us to finance and to fund the continued road map to fully decarbonize.
Guevara
Yeah, that's very interesting to understand the business side of looking for new products and that's part of our conversations with most of our clients when you see the strategy that is mainly costly. And then when you actually see the benefits of them and then trying to understand where those new sources that are actually reducing the cost and in the long-term it's going to build a more resilient business, you know? I think you're right on point and thank you for that Vicente. So, to what extent is the cement industry can incorporate circular economic principles, such as recycling, re-purposing waste materials into this production processes?
Saiso
That's a good question because it's a topic that is taking a lot of prevalence and it should, you know? One of our pillars in the Future in Action program in our company is circular economy, because in our production process, waste can be used in different ways, in a very productive manner. And it can help substitute fuels. Some types of waste like solid municipal waste, industrial waste, commercial waste can be turned into a fuel that substitutes the fossil fuels. That's one element. And there are some materials like the fly ash, the slag from the steel industry and other different types of materials that can help us substitute some key raw materials and reduce the use of virgin raw materials and these wastes are also giving additional properties to our final product.
So, these are very strong operational elements that are very convenient for our business. It improves the way that we do our operations and, at the same time, we are helping to deal with a lot of waste. We consider our industry to be a waste-eater, waste-consumer. We actually, in the latest figures that we have, we are consuming 60 times more waste than the one we finally sent to landfill. We only sent to landfill very few inert waste that comes from our process. And it's very interesting when you see that, in addition to helping substitute fuels and substitute raw materials, we can also turn it into a business opportunity.
The latest waste stream that we are tackling and we are aggressively pursuing, is providing services to our construction customers to deal with their excavation, construction and demolition waste, which normally is a tough thing to do. It's very difficult to do it in areas inside a city, and we are helping our customers already deal with that waste. Part of that waste we recycle, we reprocess and we use as raw materials again and introduce it to our product or give it a final disposition. And we are finding that this is a service that is well received by our customers, and we are charging for that service. So, it's becoming also an additional business line for Cemex. It's part of our urbanization solutions portfolio and it's becoming something that we think it's going to make a huge difference in big metropolises around the world that have big waste issues, and this is one element where we are going to be able to help, in addition to our traditional supply role with building materials.
Guevara
Great, and about emerging technologies Vicente, you have also touched on the hydrogen, but also we see that there's an opportunity for Cemex to play the opposite role and reduce environmental impact through carbon capture and storage. So, can you tell us more about these emerging technologies? What is Cemex’s future for sustainable cement production being? Is it something on your radar?
Saiso
Yes, it's definitely on our radar, because when we go beyond 2030 and when we push as far as we can our proven technologies and proven levers that we have already tested and produced in Europe, and then now we are fast tracking everywhere, in our road map, around 30% of the CO2 emissions we are going to have to capture them and store it, and there will be no other alternative to do that. So, it's a relevant lever in the future for us to enact, and the thing is that technologies to do that are still very early stage and what we are doing is putting together a very ambitious broad portfolio of innovation projects, engaging with a lot of different entities, startups, universities research centers, players from our industry, players from other industries that have the same challenges, and we are getting ourselves directly involved in the evolution of this technology.
We think that, by doing that, we are going to help those technologies be scaled up at some point in time and also figure out what are going to be those technologies that are going to have the highest impact. We have created this portfolio of innovation that now has more than 100 projects already happening and with different type of technologies. Carbon capture and storage is one, as I mentioned, one very relevant one, but there are other examples of innovative things that could be quite disruptive. We have been able to be the first producer of cement in the world to produce a tonne of clinker with solar-concentrated technology, avoiding completely the use of a fossil fuel in the elaboration of that clinker material.
This is a solar-concentrated technology that has been able to reach the temperatures that we require inside our kilns which is 1,500 degrees centigrade. And this is a very big break through, because if we manage in those places where you have good solar radiation, if we manage to install more processors, we would be able to substitute completely the use of fuels and the CO2 within the system that is emitted in our chemical process becomes this inter-fuel that helps heat the whole process. So, there are other types of disruptive technologies that we are also working on them because they would play a role. There's a different configuration for each plant and each plant will have a different mix of solutions to be able to reach carbon neutrality, and that's why we have to work on a broad variety of technologies.
The other big area of innovation is once you capture CO2, one alternative is to store it under ground or there’s another way of storing CO2, which is mineralizing CO2 into our concrete products. Concrete is a natural absorber of CO2, so if you accelerate that process, we could be also mineralizing the CO2 and get it embedded in our aggregates or in our concrete products, and it will stay there captured forever. So, that's another very interesting element of our innovation portfolio. And finally, CO2 is going to become an input to other processes like synthetic fuels for radiation, fuels for the shipping industry producing carbon nano materials that could produce some type of fibres that go into the manufacturing of many different elements in society. So, CO2 is going to become also an input, valuable input into other types of products.
Guevara
No, I think that's very interesting and that brings me to my next question that's related to the stakeholder engagement, Vicente. So, how do you engage with your customers, governments, being a market leader and operating in so many countries with governments, communities you operate in to foster sustainability practices? Are there collaborative efforts or partnerships that are key to addressing sustainability challenge in the cement production?
Saiso
Yes, I think you touch on a very relevant issue. Stakeholders and your relationship with them can certainly enhance our efforts and obviously, it's a pre-requisite to helping us really push everything that we are doing. I will put a few examples on some stakeholder groups, our customers. We decided three or four years ago, we were going to offer our customers products with lower carbon footprint whether they were asking for it or not. There were some customers asking for these types of products in Europe where sustainability has a lead and has been there for many years. But there were other markets where this was not even a relevant attribute being considered. But we decided if we are already doing it in Europe, we are going to extend to all of our markets and we are going to offer it to our customers.
We are going to offer it to our customers, but we are also going to train our customers on how to use these products, what are the benefits of the product that they will be getting, and also to reassure them that the performance that they are getting from our products are exactly the same, or even improved, in some cases. So, with customers we put a value offer of lower carbon products, and we were quite surprised that, not only in Europe, but in other markets around the world, there has been very good acceptance of these products and there's already, let's say, a lower carbon cement segment being created, in which now, customers are asking for this product and challenging us to even go further in the percentage of reduction of emissions in some of these products. We have set like a minimum threshold of 30% reduction in a cement or a concrete product, compared to the traditional cement or concrete that was used before, at least that and we can go all the way up to 70% in concrete to be able to offer a product of such characteristics with current technology and current proven levers. And we have had very good acceptance from our customers, even in markets where you wouldn't imagine that this was considered to be a relevant issue: Mexico, Egypt, the Philippines, and many emerging markets where we are having a good success.
Almost half of our cement products are already lower carbon, and we are going very fast in that track. So, that's one example. And with suppliers, we are starting a big effort on educating them and trying to convey that we cannot go alone in our process of de-carbonization, because in our scope 3 emissions, all the inputs that we are receiving in our process come with a footprint. So, our suppliers should also work at reducing their footprint, so that our scope 3 emissions are reduced. We have set targets for scope 3 emissions. Some categories that are very relevant to our production process. Those targets also validated by the Science Based Target Initiative, and we are translating that into our suppliers and educating them on the benefits that they will be getting if they do it. We are in that process of doing that with our suppliers. And this is just an example of two stakeholder groups where we are having different approach but extending to them the challenge of decarbonizing at the same speed and at the same rate as what we are doing at Cemex.
Guevara
Right, and that was my last question regarding the challenges and regarding the lessons learned that we have a number of clients that are facing different challenges as well decarbonizing their operations. So, what can you tell those companies that are starting in the journey given that you have achieved so much in reality and that I see a bright future for the cement industry, the production and everything around it as you have mentioned, reducing the cost, production efficiency, new products to the market, other options for consumers in a lower emission environment. So, Vicente what can you tell other companies that are starting this process?
Saiso
Yeah, no, we have gone through the whole journey so I think we can have some recommendations because we have lived it ourselves. I would say that the first thing is that you have to analyze and recognize what are the most relevant environmental and social impacts that your business has, and what the stakeholder groups are being affected or impacted by your activities. I think that's the first thing to recognize. And then, then you have to start thinking on solutions, what you can do to reduce that environmental or social impact and what are the different ways in which you can do that.? When you are trying to figure out how to reduce that impact, you are going to find that, in some things that you can do, there could be the additional benefit in turning that into a business opportunity.
There are some that could come with an additional cost or with some type of sacrifice, but there will not be a lot of those. What we have found, at least in our process and in our industry, there are many things that we can do that could also have an opportunity for us to reinforce our business. So, that's another very relevant one. Identify which of those actions that can reduce your impact, represent the business opportunity because in those ones, you will be able to go faster, it will be easier for you to convince your organization to do that. And it will actually start to bereflected in your bottom line and your results.
And then when you get into this journey, I think it’s very important to have a change of mindset in your whole organization, so that it's not only the top management that is pushing for this and then the organization follows, I think when you embed these in the mindset of people, we have a change management program within Cemex that was launched at the same time of the Future in Action program, where we train, we give tools, we enable the people to act and then, you create a virtual cycle in which people are really engaged into this program and they start to provide their own ideas, their own enhancement efforts and day-to-day, and at every level of the organization things are being done now let's say, naturally or spontaneously or organically. And then, that reinforces the first push that came from top management, and it becomes like a bottom-up approach in which the whole organization is working towards these.
And we are also recognizing that progress made by people and they can go into our innovation process and provide ideas and we have an internal exercise and awards etc., for recognizing all these efforts. So, I think, that would be the last part of the effort. Change the mindset of the teams and the people in the organization and it will go by itself. And then, provide all the tools and all the resources needed. And finally I would say set ambitious targets for yourself, because ambitious targets push the envelope and stretch the thinking of people. And when you start to deliver on those targets, at least in Cemex, we have realized that we can do a lot more than we thought that we were able to do before we put such an ambitious challenge ahead of ourselves. We are on the second year of having CO2 emissions be one element of our variable compensation bonus for 4,500 executives in Cemex. And reaching our target makes the bonus improve. So, that creates a lot of additional actions within the company. We are in the second year of doing this and that's one relevant element to add to the equation.
Guevara
Yeah and direct incentives, I think performance incentives are a part of what we are seeing in the market for most of our clients, but I think that it’s a very clear incentive for moving ahead and to stay to the program and making it happen right? So, I think that's great. So, what's the most exciting thing for you coming ahead in the sustainability journey for Cemex?
Saiso
I would not single one out. I would say that delivering on the targets immediately is one of the most exciting things because you can promise a lot, and put an ambitious target, delivering is the hard part. And I think that's the most exciting part of my job, which is monitoring every month how we are delivering on what we said that we were going to do and surpassing in some cases what we've said that we do. I think that's the most important part, that you start to see the change and you start to see the progress and that's exciting. Because you are now confident that what the goals that you defined are going to be able to reach, and most likely are going to be surpassed.
Guevara
Thank you very much Vicente. This has been a great conversation, I really enjoyed learning so much about Cemex and about the programs and the ambitions and the advancement that you have made in the cement industry, so I think that's very interesting for all of us. So, Bruno, I'll leave it to you for the closing part of the session, thank you.
Sarda
Well, thank you both. Vicente, Ruth you know, truly a fascinating and insightful discussion, I think on both the innovative approaches and technologies that Cemex and hopefully the broader building materials industry are employing to make construction more sustainable. Vicente, it was eye opening to hear you say that next to water, this is the second most consumed resource in the world and truly foundational to the safety, the comfort, the prosperity of people and communities everywhere. I was also personally excited to hear about the innovation in using building materials as carbon sinks and maybe urban forests. And also, interesting to hear how circular your business already is, you know, consuming significantly more waste as input then you generate as waste output.
So, I think these are all very interesting dimensions, and thank you for sharing these stories, these facts and for sure, we wish you much continued success on this important journey. As I said at the beginning of the episode, this is the Sustainability Matters Podcast, you can find all past episodes of the show on ey.com or wherever you get your podcasts. You can also now find the most recent episodes of our show on YouTube. Thanks for listening. If you enjoyed this episode of Sustainability Matters, we'd love for you to subscribe. Ratings, reviews and comments are also very welcome, so please visit ey.com where you can find a wide range of related and interesting articles that help put these bigger topics in the context of your business priorities. I look forward to welcoming you on the next episode of Sustainability Matters. My name is Bruno Sarda, you can find me on LinkedIn and feel free to connect with me there. Thanks so much for listening.
