TaxLegi 22.12.2021

Executive summary

On 9 December 2021, Cyprus Finance Minister, Mr. Constantinos Petrides, presented the 2022 Budget to the House of Representatives and announced the Government’s priorities for the Cypriot economy in the coming year.

One of the Government’s priorities is to reform the country’s tax framework in order to strengthen the competitiveness of the Cypriot economy and enhance Cyprus’s position as a business center. The Minister also said the objectives of the tax reform are to reduce tax inequality, enhance transparency, simplify the tax system, and reduce the administrative compliance burden.

This Alert summarizes the proposed pillars on which the tax reform will be based.

Detailed discussion

In his speech, the Minister referenced the international agreement reached for the imposition of a minimum global corporate tax rate of 15% on large multinational corporations and the relevant Directive from the European Commission that is expected to follow as the impetus for revisiting the Cypriot tax framework and reducing administrative burdens associated with compliance.

Moreover, the Minister stated that the increase of the corporate tax in Cyprus from 12.5% to 15%, will not substantially affect the foreign investments in Cyprus as the country has other comparative advantages as an investment destination that balance this small increase in the corporate tax rate.

In order to achieve the Government’s aims in relation to the tax reform, the Minister announced the Government’s intention to examine the following matters as part of the reform:

• Increase of the corporate tax rate
• Reduction or abolition of the special defense contribution on the deemed and/or actual distribution of dividends
• Reduction of the rate of special defense contribution on interest income
• Reduction or abolition of the annual fee of €350 payable by companies to the Registrar of Companies
• Introduction of a carbon tax with a gradual increase of taxes on fossil fuels as well as the imposition of environmental taxes to achieve environmental objective
• Adjustment of value-added tax rates based on the recent ECOFIN decision, especially for products or services related to public health and the green and digital transition

Finally, the Minister emphasized that the objective is to have a fairer and fiscally neutral tax reform which will be completed within 2022.

For additional information with respect to this Alert, please contact one of the following:

Ernst & Young Cyprus Limited, Limassol

• Philippos Raptopoulos, Head of Tax & Legal Services
  

Ernst & Young Cyprus Limited, Nicosia

• Petros Krasaris, International Tax and Transaction Services
• Petros Liassides, Tax Services
• George Liasis, Indirect Tax

31st of December 2021 is the last date for:

• Upwards revision: The additional tax liability shall need to be created through the Tax Portal and any excess amount between the initial and the revised 1st instalment should only be paid through Internet Banking to the Tax Authorities via the Tax Portal. Upon revision, the 2nd Instalment can be paid either via JCC or through Internet Banking via the Tax Portal.
• Downwards revision: A revised Provisional Tax return, (Form TD.5 for natural persons and Form TD.6 for legal persons), shall need to be submitted to the Tax Authorities various District Tax Offices via email, depending on the taxpayer’s District Tax Office. The payment of the 2nd instalment can be made via JCC or through Internet Banking via the Tax Portal.
• Payment of the Special Defence contribution (‘SDC’) and General Healthcare System contributions (‘GHS’) for the 2nd semester of 2021 on rental income which has not been withheld by the tenant, on overseas bank interest income and on any dividend income which may be subject to SDC and/or GHS.

31st of January 2022 is the last payment date for:

• 2nd instalment of the 2021 Provisional tax (in case the Temporary Tax calculation is not revised)
• Special Contribution for Defence for the distributable profits of the year 2019 for deemed distribution purposes.

Note: Deemed distribution does not apply in respect to profits that are directly or indirectly attributable to shareholders that are non-resident in Cyprus or in the case of Individual shareholders not considered to be tax resident and domiciled in Cyprus.

Contacts:

• Philippos Raptopoulos - Partner, Head of Tax & Legal Services
• Petros Liassides - Partner, Direct Tax
• Myria Saparilla - Associate Partner, Direct Tax
• Panayiotis Gregoriou - Senior Manager, Direct Tax Services
• Michalis Karatzis - Senior Manager, Business Tax Compliance Services 
• Herodotos Hadjipavlou - Manager, Tax Services

Following the completion of the main financial reporting standards (financial instruments, revenue from contracts with customers, leases and insurance contracts), two new trends are now in the frontstage in the broad area of corporate reporting: (i) improving the effectiveness and efficiency of financial reporting and (ii) the so called non- financial reporting. That being said, the standard setting and implementation support in the financial reporting sphere is far from complete, but as such, the focus has now shifted.

Concretely, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has turned its attention to improving the effectiveness of disclosures and to reducing the compliance burden for a limited scope of eligible entities (mainly addressed to subsidiaries without public accountability). In particular, the Board published two Exposure Drafts (ED) with a rather long comment period soliciting the views of its constituents. The standard setter is moving to the right direction, however there are still some concerns. I expect the IASB to further refine their proposals.

Amid the developments in financial reporting, different organisations continue their work in the area of non-financial reporting. While they claim different parts of the overall picture, there are quite some interceptions of the various initiatives which could result to a labyrinth of overlapping and in some cases contradictory requirements. Cooperation, coordination and alignment are crucial in the efforts to come up with internationally accepted reporting requirements. The establishment of the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) in Nov 2021 marks the beginning of the journey towards the right direction.

Financial reporting and the IASB

Under the umbrella of the Disclosure Initiative the IASB published two EDs aiming at improving the effectiveness and efficiency of financial reporting.

• Exposure Draft: Disclosure Requirements in IFRS Standards—A Pilot Approach 
• Exposure Draft: Subsidiaries without Public Accountability: Disclosures

Disclosures

The former, aims at eliminating the “checklist approach” for disclosures. Under this proposal, each standard sets a disclosure objective which replaces the existing (exhaustive) requirements. The objectives will be complemented with further guidance, but without any rigid requirements, allowing room for interpretation to preparers, auditors and market supervisors. This is driven by the observation (by some) that the current wording in IFRS is used as a checklist disregarding any other overarching principles (for example materiality). The Board also expects an earlier engagement between prepares and users, so that the users’ needs are properly reflected when designing the disclosures to the financial statements.

While I have a lot of sympathy for the principles as described in the ED, I find it hard to imagine how these could work in practice. I share the views of the three Board members who expressed a deviating opinion (alternative view). Mr Edelmann, Mr Gast and Ms Lloyd explain, in the Basis for Conclusions¹ , why, in their view, these proposals will not help in solving the disclosure issue. Developing objective-based disclosures in IFRS Standards without specific requirements, will: (a) increase enforcement challenges; (b) be more burdensome for preparers of financial statements and increase reliance on materiality judgements; and (c) impair comparability for users of financial statements by introducing a more flexible approach to disclosures.

Similar views were expressed in different expert groups at the European level which have been noted by the IASB.

Subsidiaries

The second project relates to the accounting regime of smaller entities, which can opt to use the recognition and measurement of IFRS without the burden of providing the full disclosures.

Under the ED, the eligible entities need to meet two criteria: (i) the subsidiary does not have public accountability; and (ii) its ultimate or any intermediate parent produces consolidated financial statements available for public use that comply with IFRS Standards. Both criteria are already well embedded in the literature, though the Board makes it clearer in the ED, by introducing additional guidance, especially on public accountability.
An entity that meets both criteria may elect to apply this (DRAFT) standard. If it does so, then the entity will be required to apply only the recognition and measurement of the IFRS, while will refer to this DRAFT standard for the minimum disclosure requirements, with two exceptions: the two IFRS that only apply to entities with public accountability (= IAS 33 Earnings Per Share and IFRS 8 Operating Segments) - as these standards are, by definition, excluded from the ED – and the newly published IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts.

Though the idea is very much welcomed, some constituents, especially the European stakeholders, expressed concerns on the narrowly defined scope of the proposal. It is worth mentioning that one Board member voted against the publication of this ED.

Ms Flores stated (in the Basis for Conclusions²) that while she agrees with designing disclosure requirements that are specific to entities without public accountability, she opposes restricting such requirements to subsidiaries that are SMEs. In her opinion, extending the scope will not only help constituents but it will help the IFRS Foundation to fulfil its mission. She explains that this (DRAFT) standard will enable entities that are not currently using IFRS and are not allowed to use the IFRS for SMEs, to consider adopting the IFRS without the burden of the full disclosure requirements.

I echo Ms Flores’ views. Extending the scope will, indeed, improve financial reporting, bring more transparency to the market and allow comparability, especially since the recognition and measurement requirements will be derived directly from IFRS. In addition, this standard will enable other European jurisdictions to expand the requirements for IFRS beyond the scope of the European Union’s minimum requirements³ . Finally, it will be a huge step in introducing the much-anticipated simplicity in financial reporting for Cypriot SMEs.

Non-Financial Reporting

This term was in use long before it was coined by the European Commission, when it published its Accounting Directive. I find this term insufferable. Firstly, I never use definitions by reference to “what something is not”, instead I prefer to define it by “what it is”, and secondly, there is no such thing as “non-financial”. At the end of the day, everything will hit the bottom line – some sooner than later.

To my pleasure, others call it “ESG reporting”.

Irrespective of the definition, the emphasis on reporting of non-traditional financial items is gaining a lot of traction. Several initiatives have been taken by different organisations. In the European Union, the main one is led by the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG). EFRAG has been asked by the European Commission to develop draft standards, using proper due process, public oversight and transparency, and with the expertise of relevant stakeholders⁴ . The new initiatives come with challenges which can only be tackled with collective efforts. That’s why this is, indeed, a second pillar for improving corporate reporting.

Referring to my definition, Non-Financial and Financial Reporting go hand in hand. Not only on the content, but also on standard setting. International and European organisations have the legitimacy to develop such standards which can be applied in a consistent manner across different jurisdictions. This will enhance comparability which is one of the main characteristics of transparent and efficient financial markets. To this end, the formation of the ISSB is landmark moment in history of developing Internationally accepted sustainability standards.

Concluding remarks

In this short article, I summarised some of the main initiatives, at the international and European arena but off course it was not meant to be complete. There are a lot of different debates and consultations that could have a significant impact on corporate reporting. I am looking forward to discussing these with you and to exploring and understanding their impact for you and your business.

Who’s who

Pantelis Pavlou BFP, ACA

After 8 years in Belgium, and in different positions Pantelis returned to Cyprus and joined EY as a Director in the IFRS technical team. His most recent experience in Brussels includes (among others) heading the integrated risk and being the IFRS expert in KBC Group (a financial conglomerate group). Preceding these roles, Pantelis took a up a challenge at the European and International arena, as the technical manager on IFRS and financial services at Accountancy Europe [AE] (formerly known as Federation of European Accountants).

Since 2018, Pantelis is appointed by ICPAC to represent the Cypriot profession at the Accounting Working Party of AE.

Connect via LI: www.linkedin.com/in/ppantelis

¹ https://www.ifrs.org/content/dam/ifrs/project/disclosure-initative/disclosure-initiative-principles-of-disclosure/ed2021-3-bc-di-tslr.pdf

² Exposure Draft: Subsidiaries without Public Accountability: Disclosures: Basis for Conclusions (ifrs.org)

³ Set by the EC Regulation 1606/2002 (IAS Regulation)

⁴ https://www.efrag.org/Activities/2105191406363055/Sustainability-reporting-standards-interim-draft